Data interface circuit for capturing received data bits including continuous calibration

ABSTRACT

Circuits and methods for implementing a continuously adaptive timing calibration training function in an integrated circuit interface are disclosed. A mission data path is established where a data bit is sampled by a strobe. A similar reference data path is established for calibration purposes only. At an initialization time both paths are calibrated and a delta value between them is established. During operation of the mission path, the calibration path continuously performs calibration operations to determine if its optimal delay has changed by more than a threshold value. If so, the new delay setting for the reference path is used to change the delay setting for the mission path after adjustment by the delta value. Circuits and methods are also disclosed for performing multiple parallel calibrations for the reference path to speed up the training process.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional No. 61/777,648filed on Mar. 12, 2013.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to interface circuits, typicallyimplemented on integrated circuits such as Processor chips, memorycontroller chips, and SOC (System On Chip) integrated circuits wheresuch interfaces are required. One common example of such an interfacewould receive data read from dynamic memory chips that are locatedexternally to a device containing the receiving interface.

BACKGROUND

Given today's high clock rates and transmission line effects whensignals must travel between integrated circuit chips, changes alongsignal paths can occur over time that affect signal timing. As a systemheats and cools during operation, and/or develops hot and cool spots,the skew between data bits, or between data bits and strobe signals canlikewise change as data bit signals and strobe signals travel off chipand between chips through various system-level paths. Therefore, itwould be useful to have a way to perform dynamic timing calibration andre-calibration from time to time during system operation, and to do soquickly and dynamically without affecting the normal operation of thesystem.

One application where such a continuously adaptive calibration ortraining mechanism for data interface timing calibration is especiallyuseful is to compensate for variable system-level delays in dynamicmemory interfaces where DQ data bits can develop a skew problem withrespect to the DQS strobe used to sample them, or where the optimal DQSstrobe timing over all data bits varies during the functional operationof the system. Similarly, at the timing interface between the Phy andinternal core clock domains in a dynamic memory based controller system,the timing relationship between an internal capture clock and datacoming from the Phy can also drift due to system-level delays. Inaddition, jitter can develop between data bits and strobes, or betweensignals in different clock domains, and it would also be useful toresolve jitter issues while performing a continuous timing calibrationfunction.

SUMMARY

Circuits and methods for implementing a continuously adaptive timingcalibration training function in an integrated circuit interface aredisclosed. A mission data path is established where a data bit issampled by a strobe. A similar reference data path is established forcalibration purposes only. At an initialization time both paths arecalibrated and a delta value between them is established. Duringoperation of the mission path, the calibration path continuouslyperforms calibration operations to determine if its optimal delay haschanged by more than a threshold value. If so, the new delay setting forthe reference path is used to change the delay setting for the missionpath after adjustment by the delta value. Since the determination ofcalibration is performed solely on the reference path, and the transferof delay parameters to the mission path is almost instantaneous, signaltraffic on the mission path is not interrupted in order for evenfrequent re-calibrations to be performed.

Circuits and methods are also disclosed for performing multiple parallelcalibrations for the reference path to speed up the training process.Where multiple parallel calibrations are implemented, the continuousadaptive training function according to the invention enables a missiondata path to be recalibrated more frequently in applications wheredelays may change rapidly during system operation.

According to different embodiments of the invention, the principlesdescribed herein can be utilized to adjust any timing relationship whereone signal is used to sample another signal. The signal being sampledmay be programmably delayed according to the invention, or a strobesignal used for sampling may instead be programmably delayed. At times,jitter may be evident on either a strobe signal or a signal beingsampled by the strobe signal, and circuits and methods are included forproviding minimum numbers of delay increments for delay measurementssuch that false measurements due to jitter are avoided during acalibration process. During the design process for circuits describedherein, efforts are made to equalize the timing relationship betweenmission and reference data paths such that any timing delta between themis minimized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter that is regarded as the invention is particularlypointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion ofthe specification. The foregoing and other objects, features, andadvantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 shows exemplary and non-limiting embodiments for generalizedcircuit descriptions describing different aspects of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary overall flowchart for continuous adaptivetraining according to the invention.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary flowchart for calibration sweeps duringcontinuous adaptive training calibration according to the invention.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary timing diagram in accordance with theflowchart of FIG. 3 including provision for jitter detection andavoidance.

FIG. 5 shows a circuit diagram for a system implementation thatincorporates an SCL (Self-Configuring Logic) circuit implementation asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,975,164, and indicating timing areas wherea continuous adaptive training functionality according to the inventionmay be applied.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary flowchart for an embodiment of the inventionwhen applied to the SCL application of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary and non-limiting embodiment for animplementation of the invention where a plurality of DLLs are utilizedin parallel to reduce the time required for reference pathre-calibration during operation of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary timing diagram for the embodiment of FIG. 7including provision for jitter detection and avoidance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The embodiments disclosed by the invention are only examples of the manypossible advantageous uses and implementations of the innovativeteachings presented herein. In general, statements made in thespecification of the present application do not necessarily limit any ofthe various claimed inventions. Moreover, some statements may apply tosome inventive features but not to others. In general, unless otherwiseindicated, singular elements may be in plural and vice versa with noloss of generality. In the drawings, like numerals refer to like partsthrough several views.

Circuits and methods for implementing a continuously adaptive timingcalibration training function in an integrated circuit interface aredisclosed. A mission data path is established where a data bit issampled by a strobe. A similar reference data path is established forcalibration purposes only. At an initialization time both paths arecalibrated and a delta value between them is established. Duringoperation of the mission path, the calibration path continuouslyperforms calibration operations to determine if its optimal delay haschanged by more than a threshold value. If so, the new delay setting forthe reference path is used to change the delay setting for the missionpath after adjustment by the delta value. Circuits and methods are alsodisclosed for performing multiple parallel calibrations for thereference path to speed up the training process.

Timing calibration according to the invention is able to be rundynamically and continuously

without interrupting the operation of the functional circuit that isoccasionally re-calibrated. Re-calibration is performed in nanosecondsand for most system configurations—especially those including memorysystem interfaces—there are always opportunities to perform aninstantaneous transfer of delay line (DLL) settings without affectingproper operation. For example, it is usually acceptable to transferdelay parameters during a memory write cycle to a timing circuitsupporting memory read operations. A full re-initializing of bothreference and mission paths takes longer but is still fast enough to runduring longer periods such as during memory refresh operations.

For the exemplary and non-limiting examples described herein fordifferent embodiments of the invention, and in view of the fact thatmany common applications for the invention include dynamic memorycontrollers and data interfaces receiving data bits and strobes fromdynamic memories, reference will occasionally be made to “DQ” for databits being sampled and bit leveled, and to “DQS” as the correspondingsampling strobe. It should be understood however that the circuits andmethods described herein are applicable to any data interface receivingdata bits and data strobes where skew and/or jitter develops over time,and it is desirable to mitigate these problems in order to produce morereliable data interface implementations.

FIG. 1 shows a generalized implementation for one exemplary andnon-limiting embodiment of the invention. Here a data signal 102 issampled by a strobe signal 104. In this example data signal 102 feedstwo delay line (DLL) paths—a mission path 106 and a reference path 108.The outputs of these delay lines are sampled in flip-flops 112 and 114respectively, and the outputs of these flip-flops are available to CAT(Continuous Adaptive Training) control circuit 110 as well as otherinternal circuits by way of buffer 116. Note that in an effort toequalize delays between reference and mission paths, occasionallybuffers and other circuits will be added or altered as well known in theart in order to equalize loading and propagation delays. In this case,note that buffer 118 has been added as a load on the output of flip-flop112 even though it is not necessary since the output of flip-flop 112only drives CAT control circuit 110. Note that while the circuit diagramof FIG. 1 shows data bit 102 being delayed through the reference andmission paths, and alternate implementation of a similar function can beconstructed according to the invention by delaying strobe signal 104through separate reference and mission data path DLLs, and utilizing theresultant delayed strobes to sample data bit 102.

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart 200 describing the function of a circuitconstructed according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Instep 202, initial calibrations are performed for both the mission DLL inthe mission data path and the reference DLL in the reference data path.Since the initial calibration requires a calibration operation on themission data path, this is one operation where traffic on the missiondata path is interrupted, and is therefore best performed during aninitial power-on calibration of a system containing the invention, oralternately performed during time periods such as memory refreshoperations where the mission data path is not utilized for a durationwherein such an initial calibration can be performed. According to step202, during initialization a sweep is performed on each data pathwhereby data is captured at each increment of delay line delay from astarting point until an endpoint is reached. For each sweep, a detectioncondition is reached during the sweep that indicates the sweep processshould terminate. For many implementations, such a condition isdetecting a transition on the data bit value being sampled. Suchtransition could be a 0-to-1 transition or alternatively a 1-to-0transition depending upon the application. Initial calibration of thereference data path is shown as delay setting R₀. Specific details ofperforming such a calibration sweep are shown in FIG. 3. At thecompletion of the initial calibration per step 202, a DLL Delta (Δ)value has been established that is equal to the value (M₀−R₀).

In step 204, function of the mission path is initiated according tonormal system operation utilizing delay setting M₀. The reference datapath is again calibrated and a new delay setting for the reference DLLis determined to be R₁. Note that subsequent recalibration of thereference path has no effect on normal system operation utilizing themission data path. In step 208 the absolute value of (R₁−R₀) is computedand compared with a change threshold value (T_(C)). If the absolutevalue of (R₁−R₀) is less than T_(C), then it is determined that anydrift in system timing since the previous calibration is small enoughthat no adjustment to the calibration of the mission path is necessary.If on the other hand, the absolute value of (R₁−R₀) is greater thanT_(C), then per step 210, a new DLL delay setting value M₁ is computed,and then per step 212 is applied to the mission path. The new DLL delaysetting value for the mission path is M₁=(M₀+R₁−R₀).

FIG. 3 shows a flowchart 300 describing a calibration sweep for eitherthe reference DLL or the mission DLL. Per step 302 the DLL beingcalibrated is set for example to a minimum delay as the starting pointfor the sweep. Per step 304 the DLL delay is incremented and then thesampled data bit is captured 306 by a delayed sample strobe (for anexemplary implementation where the sample strobe is delayed by thereference and mission DLLs). Note that in an alternate embodiment thecaptured data bit may be delayed instead of delaying the sample strobe.In step 308 a transition on the captured data bit is detected which maybe either a 0-to-1 transition or alternately a 1-to-0 transition. If perstep 308 no transition is detected the flow returns to step 304 wherethe DLL is incremented again. When a transition is detected, the flowproceeds to step 310 where the DLL value is recorded and the sweep ends.

A timing diagram 400 for the process of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 4. Heredata bit 402 is sampled by a strobe 404 which is swept 410 from startingdelay 406 until end delay 408 is reached upon detection of falling edge414 of data bit 402. In some applications the transition causing the endof the sweep may instead be rising edge 412. When a strobe samples adata bit at either transition of the data bit, any jitter 416 occurringon either the strobe or the data bit may cause an incorrectdetermination of the condition for ending the sweep. For instance in thediagram of FIG. 4, if there is jitter on rising edge 412 it could bepossible for a falling edge transition to be detected as part of thatjitter whereas the true falling edge which ends the sweep is fallingedge 414. As such, to avoid making an incorrect determination when ajitter zone 418 is encountered, the invention includes the requirementfor any detected transitions to be separated from other detectedtransitions by at least a jitter threshold margin of delay. Such ajitter threshold margin may be set to any number of DLL delay incrementsaccording to the requirements of a specific application.

One application for the invention includes timing calibration for a DRAMcontroller circuit as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,975,164. As describedin circuit diagram 500 of FIG. 5, that patent describes a controllercircuit that includes a function 502 entitled Self-configuring Logicwhich enables signals to be transferred from the Phy to the core clockdomain of a circuit receiving data from a DDRAM. One application for aCAT function according to the invention is calibration of the delay forDLL 504 controlling the Capture_Clk signal. Another application for aCAT function according to the invention is calibration of the delay forDLL 506 which delays the DQS strobe in the Phy.

Flowchart 600 of FIG. 6 describes the process for calibration of thedelay for DLL 504 controlling the Capture_Clk signal in the circuit ofFIG. 5. In step 602 initial sweep calibrations are performed for amission DLL and a reference DLL where start and end points aredetermined. For the specific application described with respect to FIG.5, a midpoint of each calibration sweep is utilized as a timingcalibration delay value as opposed to the endpoint of a sweep. As such,per step 604 midpoints are established for calibration sweeps of bothreference and mission paths. In step 606 a Delta (Δ) value isestablished between the midpoint delay of the reference data path andthe midpoint delay of the mission data path. During functional operationof the mission path, per step 608 a new midpoint delay value isestablished for the reference data path without disturbing operation ofthe mission data path. The new midpoint delay value Mid₁Ref is compared610 with the previous midpoint delay value (Mid₀Ref) for the referencepath, and if the absolute value of the difference between them isgreater than a change threshold value (Tc), then the mission DLL isupdated with new value Mid₁Mis at the next opportunity, and againwithout disturbing functional operation of the mission data path. Asshown with respect to step 612, any new value for the mission DLL datapath is adjusted with respect to a revised reference DLL value by theDelta (Δ) value between them established during the initial calibrationof step 602. Note that the application described with respect to FIGS. 5and 6 is exemplary of many other applications where the delay valuecorresponding to the end point of a calibration sweep is not chosen asthe delay timing value for the mission path. Any timing value may bedetermined for implementation in the mission path based on transitionsdetected during a delay calibration sweep, and based on delayscorresponding to those transitions an optimal timing delay can bedetermined for a specific application. To describe one exemplary andnon-limiting scenario, a falling edge transition may be detectedfollowed by the detection of a rising edge, and then an optimal timingcalibration point is calculated to be half-way between the two detectedtransitions.

In some system applications, delays may change frequently as high-speedsignals pass through multiple devices and/or across expanses of circuitboard transmission lines, and to ensure reliable system operation it maybe desirable to frequently recalibrate certain timing functions. Forsuch applications an exemplary and non-limiting solution is described incircuit diagram 700 of FIG. 7 where a plurality of delay lines areutilized in parallel to speed up calibration of the reference path of aCAT function according to the invention. Here, data bit 702 is showndriving a plurality of delay lines 708-714 with the results beingcaptured in flip-flop's according to a strobe signal 704 and controlledby CAT control circuit 706. Note that in an alternate embodiment, thestrobe signal 704 could be delayed in a plurality of delay lines insteadof delaying data bit 702. Each of delay lines 708-714 is responsible foranalyzing only a portion of a calibration sweep with delay line 708handling a first portion and delay line 714 handling the last portion.Delay lines 710 and 712 handle intermediate portions of the sweep. Notethat physical portions of delay lines 708, 710, and 712 have beengrayed-out, and marked as 716, 718 and 720 respectively. The grayed-outareas indicate physical portions of a delay line which need not beimplemented since those delay increments are not required duringoperation and can therefore be depopulated. Only the portions of a delayline shown as not grayed out are utilized due to the fact that eachdelay line is only responsible for a portion of a calibration sweep.

Note that FIG. 7 specifically shows four DLLs operating in parallel andas a result the calibration time for the reference path is reduced by afactor of four. According to alternate embodiments of the invention,different numbers of multiple DLLs may be included within the spirit ofthe embodiment of FIG. 7. For instance eight DLLs may be used inparallel to reduce the calibration time for the reference path by afactor of eight. In a similar manner any number of DLLs may be chosenfor this implementation according to the needs of the system. In theextreme, for a delay sweep of 256 delay increments, one could implementa circuit with 256 DLLs in parallel. Note that as additional DLLs areutilized in parallel, calibration time diminishes accordingly, howeveradditional circuitry is included using more silicon real estate. Assuch, a designer may make an appropriate trade-off between calibrationtime and silicon consumption for any given system implementation.

A calibration sweep for the multiple DLL implementation of FIG. 7 isshown in FIG. 8. Here data bit 802 is being sampled by strobe 804 whichis delayed and swept 810 from start delay increment 806 through an enddelay at increment 808. Transitions 812 and 814 of data bit 802 arepossible determination points for ending a sweep. In this examplefalling edge 814 has been chosen as the determination condition forending the sweep. Consistent with the circuit implementation of FIG. 7,sweep 810 is divided into sections 820-826. Delay increments encompassedby section 820 of sweep 810 correspond to DLL0 708 of FIG. 7. Delayincrements encompassed by section 822 of sweep 810 correspond to DLL1710 of FIG. 7. Delay increments encompassed by section 824 of sweep 810correspond to DLL2 712 of FIG. 7. Delay increments encompassed bysection 826 of sweep 810 correspond to DLL3 714 of FIG. 7. Note thatsince for example, DLL0 is only responsible for analyzing the first 25%of a delay sweep, it is not necessary to include the circuitry for theother 75% 716 of that delay line, which can then be depopulated to savesilicon real estate. Conversely, DLL3 is responsible for the last 25% ofthe delay line, and thus requires all of the preceding 75%. DLL3 istherefore not depopulated.

When a strobe samples a data bit at either transition of the data bit,any jitter 816 occurring on either the strobe or the data bit may causean incorrect determination of the condition for ending the sweep. Forinstance in the diagram of FIG. 8, if there is jitter on rising edge 812it could be possible for a falling edge transition to be detected aspart of that jitter whereas the true falling edge which ends the sweepis falling edge 814. As such, to avoid making an incorrect determinationwhen a jitter zone 818 is encountered, the invention includes therequirement for any detected transitions to be separated from otherdetected transitions by at least a jitter threshold margin of delay.Such a jitter threshold margin may be set to any number of DLL delayincrements according to the requirements of a specific application.

Thus, a circuit and operating method for a continuous adaptive trainingfunction for dynamic timing calibration of data interfaces has beendescribed.

It should be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that methods,processes and systems described herein can be implemented in software,hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. The implementation mayinclude the use of a computer system having a processor and a memoryunder the control of the processor, the memory storing instructionsadapted to enable the processor to carry out operations as describedhereinabove. The implementation may be realized, in a concrete manner,as a computer program product that includes a non-transient and tangiblecomputer readable medium holding instructions adapted to enable acomputer system to perform the operations as described above.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A data interface circuit for capturingreceived data bits including a continuous timing calibration function,the data interface circuit comprising: a calibration controller circuit;two parallel data capture paths that capture a common data bit value,wherein a first data capture path comprises a mission path that performsdata capture for a functional circuit, and a second data capture pathcomprises a reference path that performs data capture solely forcalibration purposes; wherein the mission path includes a programmabledelay line (DLL) controlled by the calibration controller circuit;wherein the reference path includes a plurality of parallel DLLscontrolled by the calibration controller, and wherein each of theplurality of parallel DLLs in the reference path is connected to acapture flip-flop, thus producing a plurality of captured reference databit values; wherein the calibration controller controls a delay of eachof the parallel DLLs in the reference path such that each of theparallel DLLs captures data bit values for a different portion of asweep of possible delay values; wherein one or more of the plurality ofparallel DLLs in the reference path provides a delay value that enablesdetection of an optimal calibration condition for the data bit valuecaptured by the reference path, resulting in determination of an optimaldelay setting for the reference path; and wherein the data interfacecircuit is operated by a method comprising: performing a firstcalibration operation for both reference and mission paths to establishoptimal initial delay settings, wherein a delta value between theoptimal initial delay settings of the reference and mission paths isdetermined; operating the functional circuit including operation of themission path; from time to time, and without interfering with operationof the functional circuit or the mission path, performing an additionalcalibration of the reference path to determine a new optimal delaysetting; and if the new optimal delay setting for the reference datapath differs from a previous setting by an amount greater than a changethreshold value, setting the delay setting for the mission path to beequal to be the new optimal delay setting for the reference pathadjusted by the delta value.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein thecommon data bit is programmably delayed for both mission and referencepaths, and data bit delays for both paths are controlled by thecalibration controller.
 3. The circuit of claim 1, wherein a capturestrobe is programmably delayed for both mission and reference paths, andwherein for the reference path the plurality of parallel DLLs areutilized to delay the capture strobe, and delays for both mission andreference paths are controlled by the calibration controller.
 4. Thecircuit of claim 1, wherein operation of the circuit further comprises:performing a sweep of the plurality of DLLs from a start point to an endpoint, wherein the end point of the sweep is determined by detecting atransition on the captured data bit value.
 5. The circuit of claim 4,wherein operation of the circuit further comprises: choosing acalibration timing delay value based on the sweep end point that isdifferent from a delay value corresponding to the end point.
 6. Thecircuit of claim 4, wherein to detect a transition on the sampled commondata bit value, the transition must be separated from a previouslydetected transition by at least a number of delay line increments equalto a predetermined jitter threshold value.
 7. The circuit of claim 4,wherein all but one of the plurality of DLLs in the reference path aredepopulated such that only a portion of each DLL utilized for a thecalibration sweep is physically implemented in a circuit implementation.8. The circuit of claim 4, wherein at least one of the plurality of DLLsin the reference path is depopulated such that only a portion of eachdepopulated DLL utilized for the calibration sweep is physicallyimplemented in a circuit implementation.
 9. A circuit for implementing acontinuous timing calibration function for a data interface, comprising:a calibration controller circuit; two parallel data capture circuitsthat capture a common data bit value, where each data capture circuitincludes at least one programmable delay line (DLL) controlled by thecalibration controller, said two data capture paths comprising a missionpath that performs data capture for a functional circuit, and areference path that performs data capture solely for calibrationpurposes; wherein one programmable DLL delays the common data bit forthe mission path and a plurality of parallel DLLs delay the common databit for the reference path; and wherein a first calibration is performedfor both reference and mission paths to initially establish optimaldelay settings, and a delta value between the optimal delay settings ofthe reference and mission paths is determined; wherein the functionalcircuit operates including operation of the mission path; wherein fromtime to time during operation of the functional circuit, and withoutinterfering with operation of the functional circuit or the missionpath, an additional calibration operation is performed for the referencepath to determine a new optimal delay setting; and wherein if a newoptimal delay setting for the reference data path differs from aprevious optimal delay setting by an amount greater than a changethreshold value, the delay setting for the mission path is set to avalue that is equal to the new optimal delay setting for the referencepath adjusted by the delta value.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein:each of the plurality of parallel DLLs in the reference path controls acapture flip-flop, thus producing a plurality of captured reference databit values; wherein the calibration controller controls the delay ofeach of the parallel DLLs in the reference path such that each of theparallel DLLs provides delayed data bit values for a different portionof a sweep of possible delay values; and wherein one or more of theplurality of parallel DLLs in the reference path provides a delay valuethat enables detection of an optimal calibration condition for the databit value captured by the reference path, resulting in determination ofan optimal delay setting for the reference path that may be utilized forthe mission path when adjusted by the delta value between the missionand reference paths.
 11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein all but one ofthe plurality of DLLs in the reference path are depopulated such thatonly a portion of each DLL utilized for the calibration sweep isphysically implemented in a circuit implementation.
 12. The circuit ofclaim 10, wherein at least one of the plurality of DLLs in the referencepath is depopulated such that only a portion of each depopulated DLLutilized for the calibration sweep is physically implemented in acircuit implementation.
 13. A circuit for implementing a continuoustiming calibration function for a data interface, comprising: acalibration controller circuit; two parallel data capture circuits thatcapture a common data bit value, where each data capture circuitincludes at least one programmable delay line (DLL) controlled by thecalibration controller, said two data capture paths comprising a missionpath that performs data capture for a functional circuit, and areference path that performs data capture solely for calibrationpurposes; wherein one programmable DLL delays a capture strobe for themission path and a plurality of parallel DLLs delay a capture strobe forthe reference path; and wherein a first calibration is performed forboth reference and mission paths to initially establish optimal delaysettings, and a delta value between the optimal delay settings of thereference and mission paths is determined; wherein the functionalcircuit operates including operation of the mission path; wherein fromtime to time during operation of the functional circuit, and withoutinterfering with operation of the functional circuit or the missionpath, an additional calibration operation is performed for the referencepath to determine a new optimal delay setting; and wherein if a newoptimal delay setting for the reference data path differs from aprevious optimal delay setting by an amount greater than a changethreshold value, the delay setting for the mission path is set to avalue that is equal to the new optimal delay setting for the referencepath adjusted by the delta value.
 14. The circuit of claim 13, wherein:each of the plurality of parallel DLLs in the reference path controls acapture flip-flop, thus producing a plurality of captured reference databit values; wherein the calibration controller controls the delay ofeach of the parallel DLLs in the reference path such that each of theparallel DLLs provides delayed data bit values for a different portionof a sweep of possible delay values; and wherein one or more of theplurality of parallel DLLs in the reference path provides a delay valuethat enables detection of an optimal calibration condition for the databit value captured by the reference path, resulting in determination ofan optimal delay setting for the reference path that may be utilized forthe mission path when adjusted by the delta value between the missionand reference paths.
 15. The circuit of claim 14, wherein all but one ofthe plurality of DLLs in the reference path are depopulated such thatonly a portion of each DLL utilized for the calibration sweep isphysically implemented in a circuit implementation.
 16. The circuit ofclaim 14, wherein at least one of the plurality of DLLs in the referencepath is depopulated such that only a portion of each depopulated DLLutilized for the calibration sweep is physically implemented in acircuit implementation.